退休规划Retirement
401(k)、IRA、Roth：三类账户如何区分401(k) vs IRA vs Roth, in Plain English
三个账户、一个顺序、几个别踩的坑。Three accounts, one funding order, a few landmines.
三个账户各是什么
401(k)：公司提供，工资税前扣，现在省税、退休取钱时交税，公司match是白给的钱。Traditional IRA：自己开的税前账户，逻辑类似。Roth（IRA/401k）：税后存入，增长和合规取出免税，适合认为自己未来税率更高的人。
2026年的限额
401(k)员工递延上限 $24,500；IRA上限 $7,500（50岁以上另有追加额度）。数字每年调整，发文时请以IRS当年公布为准。
先存哪个：一个顺序
第一步永远是把公司match拿满；之后在Roth资格范围内考虑Roth；收入超标或想进一步优化的，属于进阶操作，和你的CPA一起规划。
最常见的三个错误
- 离职后忘了rollover，旧401(k)散落各处
- 钱存进去却一直躺在现金里，没有投资
- 以为401(k)是"公司的钱"——那是你自己的延税资产
What Each One Is
401(k): employer-sponsored, pre-tax payroll deferral — tax break now, taxed at withdrawal; the match is free money. Traditional IRA: a pre-tax account you open yourself. Roth (IRA/401k): after-tax money in, tax-free growth and qualified withdrawals — for those expecting higher future tax rates.
2026 Limits
401(k) employee deferral: $24,500; IRA: $7,500 (plus catch-up if 50+). Figures adjust annually — verify with the IRS for the current year.
The Funding Order
Step one, always: capture the full employer match. Then fund Roth within eligibility. Beyond that — high earners and advanced moves — plan with your CPA.
Three Common Mistakes
- Forgetting to roll over old 401(k)s after job changes
- Contributing but leaving the money uninvested in cash
- Thinking the 401(k) is “the company’s money” — it’s your tax-deferred asset
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